The comprise the largest of the rare emerged landmasses in the southern Indian Ocean: the Crozet Archipelago, the Kerguelen Islands, Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands as well as 60 small sub-Antarctic islands. This ‘oasis’ in the middle of the Southern Ocean covers an area of more than 67 million ha and supports one of the highest concentrations of birds and marine mammals in the world. In particular, it has the largest population of King Penguins and Yellow-nosed albatrosses in the world. The remoteness of these islands from centres of human activity makes them extremely well-preserved showcases of biological evolution and a unique terrain for scientific research.

Brief synthesis

Located between the 37th and 50th parallels south, the comprise the largest of the rare emerged lands of the southern Indian Ocean, including Crozet Archipelago, the Kerguelen Islands and Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. Because of their oceanographic and geomorphological features, their waters are extremely productive and form the basis of a rich and diverse food web. This ‘oasis’ in the middle of the Southern Sea supports one of the world’s highest concentrations and diversities of marine birds and mammals. The grandiose volcanic landscapes that harbour this wild and abundant nature give this site its exceptional character.

Because of its huge size – more than 672 000 km2 –, this site contains a high representation of the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean and protects the ecological processes that are essential for these species to thrive. For this reason, the territory plays a key role in the health of oceans worldwide, particularly in the regulation of the carbon cycle.

As a result of their great distance from centres of human activities, the are very well preserved showcases of biological evolution and therefore unique areas for scientific research, particularly for long-term monitoring of populations of marine birds and mammals and for the study of the effects of global change. Aware of this exceptional heritage, the authority of the , through the nature reserve and with the commitment of the scientific community, has adopted a proven and recognized management system to ensure its preservation for future generations.

Criterion (vii): The , with their pristine natural heritage, are one of the last wilderness areas on the planet. They feature a unique concentration of marine birds and mammals in the sub-Antarctic region, with enormous colonies where an abundance of species, sounds, colours and scents blend harmoniously. A few examples are the world’s largest colony of King Penguins on Île aux Cochons in Crozet Archipelago, the world’s biggest colony of Yellow-nosed Albatross on the sheer cliffs of Entrecasteaux on Amsterdam Island, and the second largest population of Elephant Seals in the world on Courbet Peninsula in Kerguelen. Grandiose volcanic landscapes teeming with life reinforce the exceptional character of the site. These territories stimulate the imagination and are a source of inspiration to anyone.

Criterion (ix): The lie at the convergence of three ocean fronts and have large continental shelves. This makes them extremely productive areas in the midst of a relatively poor ocean, allowing the development of a rich and diverse food web.

The site is vast and includes one of the largest marine protected areas in the world. Because of this, it features a high representation of the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean and the ecological processes that occur in it. It protects all the key areas to support the life cycles of species in the territory, thus ensuring the maintenance of high concentrations of marine birds and mammals. The importance of these primary productive areas and their role in the regulation of the carbon cycle make an essential contribution to the health of oceans.

These remote islands, which lie thousands of kilometres away from any continent and are protected from the impact of human activities, are true showcases of biological evolution and therefore unique models to monitor global changes.

Criterion (x): The are an exceptional site for the conservation of the world’s birds. They are home to over 50 million birds of up to 47 species. Close to half of the global population of 16 of these species breeds on these islands. For example, they feature the largest population of King Penguin and Yellow-nosed Albatross in the world, as well as 8 endemic species such as the Amsterdam Albatross, a flagship species and one of the world’s rarest birds.

They also host large populations of Pinnipeds, including the second largest colony of Southern Elephant Seals and the third largest colony of sub-Antarctic Fur Seals in the world, and also cetaceans such as Commerson’s Dolphin, an endemic subspecies occurring in Kerguelen.

The species richness and diversity of the , which is unique in the Southern Ocean, gives the site an Outstanding Universal Value.

Integrity

The ecosystems of the , which are uninhabited and thus protected from the direct impact of human activities, feature large populations of native species in quasi-intact habitats, as well as complex and undisturbed ecological processes. The site is huge – it is one of the largest marine protected areas in the world with over 672 000 km2 – and covers all the functional areas that are essential for species’ life cycles, thus ensuring the maintenance of their richness and diversity in the long term. The integrity of the property is ensured by a high ecological connectivity and a common management system. The National Nature Reserve of the , which is in charge of protecting the site, implements effective actions to address threats such as alien species, fisheries and global change, but also restoration activities such as the planting of Phylica arborea (on Amsterdam Island) and the dismantling of old structures. No development of human activities has been planned in the medium term.

Protection and management requirements

The property adheres to all international conventions supporting protection of its biodiversity: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna), CMS (Convention on Migratory Species), CCAMLR (Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources), ACP (Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels), IWC (International Whaling Commission) and Ramsar (of which the original nature reserve designated in 2006 is a Ramsar site).

The were designated as a national nature reserve in 2006 and enlarged in 2016 to cover more than 672 000 km². They have the highest level of protection that exists under French regulations. Since March 2017, the regulatory framework and the governance of the nature reserve also apply to the entire EEZ (exclusive economic zone), that is, over 1.66 million km². Human activities are strictly prohibited in almost a third of the site and regulated in the rest of the area through obligatory impact assessment and the agreement of the site manager. In addition, all the species of marine birds and mammals are strictly protected by French law and international conventions.

The TAAF Authority, which manages the nature reserve along with its management and scientific boards, implements a proven and recognized management system based on a ten-year management plan setting out the objectives. The threats are effectively managed, notably by measures to regulate introduced species and limiting the environmental impacts of fisheries. The management model can be adapted to global change thanks to the close relationship between science and management, achieved through historic partnerships with scientific laboratories, namely the French “Institut Polaire Paul Emile Victor” (IPEV).