is a fortified settlement on top of an imposing ovoid-shaped tell (a hill created by many generations of people living and rebuilding on the same spot) in the Kurdistan region, Erbil Governorate. A continuous wall of tall 19th-century façades still conveys the visual impression of an impregnable fortress, dominating the city of Erbil. The citadel features a peculiar fan-like pattern dating back to Erbil’s late Ottoman phase. Written and iconographic historical records document the antiquity of settlement on the site – Erbil corresponds to ancient Arbela, an important Assyrian political and religious centre – while archaeological finds and investigations suggest that the mound conceals the levels and remains of previous settlements.

Brief description

is a rare surviving example of a formerly fortified settlement which has grown up on the top of an imposing ovoid-shaped tell. The artificial topography of the archaeological mound conditioned the urban form of the settlement, the structure of the Ottoman period urban fabric of which is clearly legible, in the maze of alleys and cul-de-sacs radiating from the main Grand Gate. The original fortifications of the Citadel were in time replaced by houses and the continuous wall of tall 19th century house façades still conveys the visual impression of an impregnable fortress dominating the city of Erbil. Written and iconographic historical records document the antiquity of settlement on the site: Erbil is associated with Arbela, an important Assyrian political and religious centre and is mentioned, with a remarkable continuity of its name (Irbilum, Urbilum, Urbel, Arbail, Arbira, Arbela, Erbil/Arbil), since pre-Sumerian times in several written sources. Archaeological finds and investigations suggest that the mound conceals the levels and remains of several layers of previous settlements, while the immediate and wider setting has revealed traces connected to the early development of the settlement.

Criterion (iv):

is an imposing example of a multilayered archaeological mound still physically emerging from the surrounding landscape. The physical structure of the Citadel town is characterized by the permanence of the Ottoman period urban form and street pattern on top of the mound. Its shape with definite boundaries has in part dictated the transformations of the urban fabric which still exhibits the typical Ottoman period traditional articulation in functional districts and comprises some fine examples of residential buildings dating back to the 19th – 20th centuries, and, to a lesser degree, to the 18th century.

Integrity

The property encompasses an intact archaeological tell which still keeps its role of landmark in the landscape of Erbil. It preserves over thirty metres of archaeological deposits going back to the very early beginnings of urbanization in Mesopotamia. The urban structure of the Citadel settlement is still clearly recognizable in its blocks division and alleyways. Some demolitions made by the previous regime have opened some spaces, the building stock has suffered from decay in the past fifty years, and the social and functional integrity of the Citadel as an inhabited settlement has suffered discontinuity, but these will be carefully addressed following the recommendations of the Management Plan, in order to return the Citadel to its role as the central place for Erbil and its citizens. Its buffer areas have some problems of integrity due to modern constructions encroaching on the streets and areas immediately surrounding the tell, but this is being addressed by the implementation of new guidelines regulating uses and form of modern activities in this area. The wider setting is also important to understand and appreciate as a landmark for the city.

Authenticity

The property sits on an archaeological tell where excavations at the site started under HCECR monitoring, therefore the site and its immediate and wider setting retain an important archaeological potential contributing to its historic authenticity. The urban structure of the formerly fortified settlement of the Ottoman period is preserved to a sufficient extent to allow its understanding and appreciation. Demolition and abandonment were not accompanied by replacements with modern, incompatible materials and forms, leaving substance and design of the historic city relatively preserved, despite that materials from existing buildings were used to erect temporary housing by newcomers who occupied the site for a couple of decades. This phenomenon however provides an insight on the archaeological mound-building process. If in terms of location the development scheme of Erbil has marked the central position of the Citadel, authenticity of setting is being improved thanks to specific guidelines. The site represents a physical and symbolic landmark of Erbil city landscape but also a popular venue for gatherings of former residents and Friday prayers: links and sense of belonging of the local populations and former inhabitants represent important aspects for a long-term revitalisation of and its reintegration into the city as a vital and living element.

Protection and management requirements

The Citadel is a protected site under the legislation of Iraq and of the Kurdistan region. The authority in charge of its revitalization efforts, the High Commission for Revitalization (HCECR), is working in a strategic partnership with UNESCO and other agencies to conserve and rehabilitate the Citadel through programs of physical improvements within the framework of detailed studies and plans that have been the basis for the Conservation and Rehabilitation Master Plan for . HCECR action has resulted in the preparation of the Management Plan, the instrument that is now regulating all activities concerning the site’s future development and conservation.  The buffer areas of the Citadel are not under the responsibility of HCECR, but of Erbil Municipality, which has benefited from UNESCO’s, HCECR’s and international assistance to generate the Urban Design Guidelines for the Buffer Zone of , which are under implementation. The important archaeological potential of the immediate and wider setting of the property requires the same level of attention for architectural and urban dimensions. The current efforts to revitalize the Citadel and the strong relationship that the people of Erbil have with it, will be determining factors in returning the Citadel to the role and position it has always held in its history, as a living place central to the life of the city of Erbil and the northern regions of Iraq, and as an urban landscape of importance for all humanity.